在讲座中，CAUNEAU教授展示了全球能源消耗的严峻现实：化石能源仍占主导地位，但可再生能源（如太阳能、风能）的潜力巨大。数据显示，欧洲和中国在可再生能源领域的投资与装机容量存在显著差异，凸显了全球能源转型的不平衡性。CAUNEAU教授特别提到，互联网的电力消耗已超过航空业，成为全球第三大用电领域，且增速惊人。

The lecture presented stark realities: fossil fuels still dominate, but renewables (solar, wind, etc.) hold immense potential. Data revealed disparities in renewable energy adoption between Europe and China, underscoring uneven global progress. Notably, internet-related electricity consumption has surpassed aviation since 2017 and now ranks as the world’s third-largest energy consumer, with demand doubling every four years.

中国和印度的实践表明，控制人口增长可减缓能源压力。

Population control, as seen in China and India, can reduce energy pressure.

核聚变、第四代核能等技术突破或将成为关键。

Fusion, Gen-IV nuclear, and thorium reactors may offer sustainable alternatives.

仿生学启发的多尺度信息管理或能实现资源的闭环利用。

Bio-inspired systems could enable closed-loop resource efficiency.

Q&A Session

我们在自然中产生的无序是否有上限？

There’s a limit of disorder that you may generate?

是的，尤其是在大气中。博尔兹曼和弗纳德斯基曾提出环境问题与熵的关系。他们认为自然有时能够减少熵，这与热力学第二定律相反，即“负熵”概念。这一过程的关键在于信息的管理，类似于麦克斯韦悖论。

Yes, in the atmosphere. The link between environmental problems and entropy was imagined by Boltzmann and Vernadsky. In their view, nature behaves differently and can even reduce entropy in some cases, which reverses the second law of thermodynamics. This idea of "negentropy" depends on how we manage information, as shown in Maxwell’s paradox.

您所描述的观点能否适应当今我们对化石能源储量真实状况的认知？

Can the perspectives you depict be sensible to the level of accuracy we reach today on the real state of stocks of fossil energetic resources?

确实，如今我们在化石能源储量上的不确定性，实际上主要取决于开采技术的进步程度，以及根据市场价格所决定的盈利水平。目前最典型的例子就是页岩气。这种现象导致了化石燃料出人意料的韧性，并延缓了能源转型政策的推进。但无论如何，这并不会改变根本事实：无论人口峰值和能源转型的时间跨度如何，第三重转型，即对熵增控制的关注都将是不可避免的。

Indeed the levels of uncertainty we get today on fossil fuel stocks is in fact mostly dependent upon the level of technological development of extraction, as well as their levels or profitability according to the market prices. The most significant example being shale gas, today. This induces unexpected resilience of fossil fuels, and dampens the transition policies. But this doesn't change the figure: whatever the timescales for both a demographic peak and an energy transition, a third transition focusing on entropy control would be mandatory. 

如果没有太阳，地球还能存在吗？

What if there is no sun, will the earth survive?

过去没有太阳生命是不可能的。但如今随着核聚变的发展，人类在理论上可能在没有太阳的情况下生存。但生存不仅仅依赖于能源，还取决于人类社会复杂性的管理。

In the long past, life would not have been possible without the sun. But now, with advances in fusion energy, it could be possible for humans to live without the sun. Yet survival also depends on managing the complexity of human society, not just energy sources.

您如何看待互联网与人工智能在能源使用上的影响？

What do you think of the internet and artificial intelligence in terms of energy use?

人工智能的出现印证了此前的观点——互联网和计算机的耗电量庞大，甚至已超过航空业。同时，还有证据表明机器之间通信产生了大量无用信息，增加了能源的浪费。

The emergence of AI aligns with the earlier point that digital systems consume vast energy—now more than aviation. There is also concern that machines generate excessive, unnecessary information, which adds to energy waste.

结语/Conclusion